Understanding Drug Addiction

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Discover essential information on drug addiction: its causes, signs, and its far-reaching effects on health and well-being.

Misinformation about drug addiction can make it hard to separate truth from fiction. In many cases, misinformation can be dangerous, confusing, and can deter people who are using different types of drugs from seeking necessary help and support. 

For instance, some people have a stereotype in their heads of what someone with an addiction looks like, and if they don’t associate themselves with that stereotype, they may not believe they have a drug problem. Others believe that only ‘hard’ drugs such as heroin and cocaine are addictive so it is ‘safe’ to use drugs that are ‘less hard’, when in reality even the use of prescribed painkillers (prescription drugs) and recreational substances such as alcohol can lead to dependency.

Drugs change our brain chemistry, and over time, we feel we need more of a drug to achieve the same effects. No matter what drug is used, addiction is always a possibility. What’s more, the sudden withdrawal of a drug can create emotional and physical symptoms, leading to strong cravings and making it very difficult to stop using.

Having awareness of how addiction develops will help you make informed choices about treatment. Understanding drug addiction is crucial to knowing how to deal with its signs and symptoms.

At Smarmore Castle, we provide a thorough clinical assessment upon arrival to help us better understand your addiction. Drug detox, if required, is the next stage. Once complete, patients move on to therapy with targeted therapies for addiction as well as residential rehab provided by our accredited team of therapists and medical professionals. Our team will help you to fully understand your drug addiction and experience.

Defining Drug Addiction and Its Serious Health Consequences

Drug addiction is a chronic disease which involves difficult-to-control substance use, even when there are harmful personal consequences as a result.¹

Addiction is complex, and there is no single reason why one person develops an addiction while another does not.

How Does Addiction Affect the Brain and Decision-Making Abilities?

We all have a reward system in the brain, which releases chemicals such as dopamine. When we engage in something enjoyable, such as eating, we experience a surge of dopamine, making us feel satisfied and motivated to repeat the behaviour.²

Drugs trigger an oversized surge of dopamine, flooding the reward pathway and causing the brain to associate this pleasant feeling with the drug. However, over time, the brain becomes less sensitive to dopamine, and tolerance builds, leading to the need for more of the substance to feel good.

What Is the Difference Between Drug Use, Dependency, and Addiction?

There are distinct differences between recreational drug use and addiction. For example, many people can enjoy a casual alcoholic drink at the end of the working week without it becoming problematic.

However, while casual drug use often seems harmless at first, it can spiral into physical or mental dependence. Regular drug use can lead to changes in the brain, resulting in increased tolerance, dependence, and eventually, addiction. 

Different drugs pose different risks, and some people may be more prone to a substance use disorder than others. The problem is, no one knows in advance if they’re at risk of developing an addiction.

Recognising the Physical, Emotional, and Behavioural Symptoms of Drug Addiction

Different drugs can affect people in different ways, and so the symptoms of addiction can vary.

However, there are some common signs of addiction to look out for ³:

Physical signs of drug addiction:

• Sudden weight changes, such as loss or gain 
• Slurred speech or physical tremors
• Bloodshot eyes or changes in pupil size
• Frequent nose bleeds
• Health issues, such as frequent infections
• Unusual smells on clothes, body, or breath 

Emotional signs of drug addiction:

• Changes in personality and attitudes, such as lack of motivation 
• High levels of anxiety
• Mood swings and irritation
• Disturbances to sleep or appetite
• Memory problems
• Withdrawal or seeming ‘spaced-out’
• Lack of concern about personal hygiene

Behavioural signs of drug addiction:

• Risky behaviours, such as driving under the influence 
• Being secretive or dishonest
• Unreliable attendance at work or a decline in performance 
• New social groups or pastimes 
• Neglecting responsibilities
• Financial issues, such as borrowing money

Early intervention is key to preventing addiction from becoming a more serious problem. If you or a loved one are showing any early signs of addiction, know that there is support available. 

Understanding the Root Causes and Risk Factors of Drug Addiction

Although the causes of addiction vary, research has pinpointed some common risk factors. These include:

• Family history and genetics⁴
• Traumatic experiences
• Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Environmental factors⁵
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Loneliness and lack of social support
• Exposure to drugs at a young age⁶

Exploring the Effects of Drug Addiction on Health, Relationships, and Quality of Life

Addiction to drugs can have wide-ranging effects on someone’s physical and mental health, ability to manage daily tasks, and relationships.

What are the long-term health risks associated with drug addiction?

Common health impacts include:

• Heart problems
• Lung issues
• Liver damage
• Cancer
• A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of infections
• Dental problems
• Skin issues such as sores and lesions
• Increased anxiety and depression

Can drug addiction impact a person’s ability to work or study?

Addiction to drugs (both prescription and illicit drugs) can start to dominate a person’s life, and affect their focus and concentration. This can lead to problems with work or study, which can result in financial burdens and issues with debt, homelessness, and increased emotional distress. 

How does it affect personal relationships?

All of the possible effects of drug use can take a further toll on another important area of life; relationships. Secrecy and social withdrawal can create mistrust and distance in relationships, straining bonds with family, friends, and colleagues. This can lead to isolation, loneliness, and even more reliance on substances to cope.

Commonly Misused Substances and Their Effects

Different substances can affect people in different ways:

Opioids (such as heroin): these substances are highly addictive, often leading to physical dependence and serious withdrawal symptoms. 

Stimulants (such as cocaine and methamphetamine): cause intense euphoria but can also result in paranoia and cardiovascular problems.

Depressants (such as alcohol and benzodiazepines): these slow down the central nervous system, so are often used to increase relaxation and induce sleep.

Hallucinogens, such as LSD and psilocybin: these can alter perception and lead to risky behaviour and accidental injuries.

Addiction in any form can damage mental and physical wellbeing, quality of life, and relationships. But are certain drugs more addictive than others? 

The short answer is yes. Every drug impacts the brain’s reward system in different ways, and so substances such as heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and alcohol may be more addictive than others. Additionally, ease of access to a drug may also increase the risk of addiction. 

For instance, The Irish National Drug and Alcohol Survey (NDAS) reports that alcohol is Ireland’s most widely misused substance, with one-third of the population drinking over the national drinking guidelines on a single occasion. This percentage increased to 50% for males.

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How Addiction Develops and Why It’s Hard to Stop

At first, addiction can feel like a gentle stream; harmless and without too much power. But, over time, the force of the water picks up strength, turning into a river and carrying you further from the safety of the shore. You try to swim your way back, but the current pulls you in deeper, making you feel out of control and helpless. This doesn’t happen overnight, but comes about due to a combination of psychological, environmental, and emotional factors.

Environmental, Psychological, and Biological Risk Factors for Drug Addiction

Environmental risk factors for addiction:

• Family history, such as a background of addiction, abuse, neglect, or frequent conflict.
• Exposure to drugs at a young age, such as through peer pressure as a teen.
• Stressful situations, like unemployment, poverty, or exposure to violence. 
• Traumatic experiences, like accidents or abusive relationships.
• Economic disadvantages, leading to easier access to drugs and less access to treatment.^6,7

Psychological risk factors for addiction:

• Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can increase the risk of addiction.
• Lack of social support can lead to loneliness, potentially making problems such as anxiety and depression worse and contributing to addiction. 
• Personality traits such as low self-esteem, impulsivity, and perfectionism can increase susceptibility¹

Biological risk factors for addiction: 

• Research suggests that our genetics may account for approximately 40-60% of our risk of developing an addiction.
• Starting to take drugs at an early age can affect the developing brain, and lead to impulse control and decision-making problems, as well as increased risk of a substance use disorder.
• Over or underactive reward systems in the brain may lead someone to seek a substance to avoid discomfort or increase pleasure.^5,8

The Cycle of Addiction – The Three Main Stages

While there are different models which explain the cycle of addiction there are three main phases of drug addiction that occur:

The Binge/Intoxication Stage

The first stage of the addiction cycle involves the initial positive, rewarding effects of a substance. This first stage might be experimental or casual, and the pleasant effects encourage the person to use the drug again.

The Withdrawal/Negative Effect Stage

Over time, the body gets used to the pleasant effects of the drug and requires more to achieve the same early ‘high,’ leading to physical dependence. If access to the substance is limited, or its effects wear off, withdrawal can kick in, creating emotional and physical discomfort. This discomfort can cause cravings and an increased drive to source and use the drug, even though the person is aware of the negative impact.

The Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage 

The preoccupation stage is characterised by cravings, chronic use, and obsessive thoughts about finding and taking the drug. This can lead to impulsive, risk-taking behaviours, regardless of negative consequences. After the drug has been sourced and consumed, the user may feel guilt and shame, fuelling the addictive cycle further.

Addiction is a complex illness, and not everyone with a substance use disorder will go through the same processes. Yet, understanding how addiction involves a cycle of cravings, chronic use, and withdrawal can highlight how difficult it can be to recover without professional support. 

When and How to Seek Help for Drug Addiction

You don’t have to see the whole journey to take the first step; recovery starts with a decision and grows.

If your or your loved one’s need to find and take a substance feels out of control, despite negative consequences, it may be time to consider seeking support. 

Taking the first step can be daunting, but early intervention can break addiction’s grip. Confidential support is available, so talk to a health professional, find a recovery support group such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in your area, or consult a specialist addiction treatment provider today. Seek the help that you or your loved one deserves.

As you consider whether you or a loved one needs help, remember that you don’t have to go on this journey alone. There are communities of people going through the same battle as you, and you may benefit from finding support groups, who will be willing to offer empathy and understanding. Additionally, professional drug addiction residential rehab treatment programmes provide plans which target physical, psychological, and emotional needs.

How Smarmore Rehab Clinic Can Help with Drug Addiction

Smarmore Rehab Clinic offers a comprehensive approach to drug addiction treatment within our residential rehab clinic in Ireland, combining medical expertise with compassionate care. Our team of experienced medical and mental health professionals and therapists is dedicated to supporting individuals on their journey to recovery. We provide a range of services tailored to meet the unique needs of each individual, including:

1. Personalised Treatment Plans: Upon arrival, each patient undergoes a thorough clinical assessment to understand the specific nature of their addiction. This allows us to create a customised treatment plan that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction.
2. Detoxification: Our detoxification process is designed to safely manage withdrawal symptoms under medical supervision, ensuring a comfortable and supportive environment for patients as they begin their recovery journey.
3. Therapy and Counselling: We offer various therapeutic approaches, including individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy, to help patients and family members address the underlying causes of their addiction and develop coping strategies for long-term recovery.
4. Holistic Therapies: In addition to traditional therapies, Smarmore Rehab Clinic incorporates an holistic approach to treatments, including therapies such as mindfulness, yoga, equine assisted psychotherapy, and art therapy to promote overall well-being and healing.
5. Aftercare Support: Recovery doesn’t end after leaving the clinic. We offer aftercare/continuing care to provide ongoing support and resources to help patients maintain their sobriety and prevent relapse.

By choosing Smarmore Rehab Clinic, individuals struggling with drug addiction can find a safe and supportive place to begin their recovery from drug addiction. Contact our team confidentially today to discuss how we can support your recovery journey.

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Contact a member of our team, today, to find out how Smarmore Rehab Clinic can provide treatment for drug addiction.

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Frequently Asked Questions

• Q: What Is the Definition of Drug Addiction?

  A: Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterised by a compulsive need to seek and use drugs, despite the harmful consequences of consumption. It is considered a brain disorder because it involves changes to brain circuits related to reward, stress, and self-control, which can persist even after stopping drug use.

• Q: What Are the Behaviours of People with Drug Addiction?

  A: Drug-abusing behaviours include the need to take the drug at least twice daily and often. Have strong cravings that block other thoughts and emotions. With time, needing the drug for the same effects.

• Q: How Do I Support Someone Struggling with Drug Addiction?

  A: Maintaining a healthy boundary with someone who is using drugs involves not covering for their missed obligations, such as work or school, and not taking on their responsibilities or making excuses for their actions. Seeking family therapy to help one another find coping strategies and support to better understand the addiction will also ultimately help the person struggling with addiction. As at Smarmore Rehab Clinic, this can take place during residential rehab or during aftercare.

• Q: What Is the Meaning of Drug Addiction?

  A: Drug addiction is a chronic condition characterised by compulsive drug misuse that is difficult to control, even when faced with negative consequences. The brain changes induced by drug misuse can impair an individual’s ability to regulate their behaviour, making it challenging to resist intense drug cravings and maintain control over their actions.

• Q: What is the most common drug of choice in Ireland?

  A: According to the Health Research Board, “Cocaine was the most common main problem drug reported in 2022, accounting for one in three (34.0%) treated cases. Opioids were the second most common main problem drug reported in 2022. Heroin accounted for 86.6% of these opioid cases.” [9]

• References
  1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug misuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; [Accessed December 2024]. Available from: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction
  2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugs and the brain. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; Available from: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drugs-brain. [Accessed December 2024].
  3. NHS. Addiction: what is it?. [Accessed Jan 2025].
  4. Watson B, Kalk N, Reid A. Neuropharmacology of addiction and how it informs treatment. Br Med Bull. 2010;96(1):93-110. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq032
  5. Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Neale MC, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on the onset of substance use disorders: a twin study. Psychol Med. 2003;33(4):689-694.
  6. Morales AM, Jones SA, Kliamovich D, Harman G, Nagel BJ. Identifying early risk factors for addiction later in life: a review of prospective longitudinal studies. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;7(1):89-98.
  7. Mennis J, Stahler G, Mason MJ. Risky substance use environments and addiction: a new frontier for environmental justice research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(6):607. doi:10.3390/ijerph13060607
  8. Barlow FK, Bouchard G, Niv S, et al. Genetics of substance use disorders: a review. Psychol Med. 2018;48(11):1895-1905.
  9. O’Neill, D. (2023) Drug treatment demand in Ireland, 2022. Drugnet Ireland, Issue 86, Summer 2023, pp. 38-43.